4 Quantum Numbers For Calcium

Though lime was prepared by the Romans in the first century nether the proper name calx, the metal was not discovered until 1808. Later learning that Berzelius and Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury, Davy was able to isolate the impure metal. Calcium is a metallic element, fifth in affluence in the earth'southward crust, of which it forms more than three%. Information technology is an essential constituent of leaves, bones, teeth, and shells. Never constitute in nature uncombined, it occurs abundantly as limestone (CaCO3), gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O), and fluorite (Caf^two); apatite is the fluorophosphate or chlorophosphate of calcium. The metal has a silverish color, is rather hard, and is prepared by electrolysis of the fused chloride to which calcium fluoride is added to lower the melting point. Chemically it is 1 of the alkaline world elements; it readily forms a white blanket of oxide in air, reacts with water, burns with a yellow-red flame, forming largely the oxide. The metal is used as a reducing agent in preparing other metals such as thorium, uranium, zirconium, etc., and is used as a deoxidizer, desulfurizer, and inclusion modifier for diverse ferrous and nonferrous alloys. It is too used as an alloying amanuensis for aluminum, beryllium, copper, lead, and magnesium alloys, and serves equally a "getter" for residuum gases in vacuum tubes, etc. Its natural and prepared compounds are widely used. Quicklime (CaO), made by heating limestone and changed into slaked lime by the conscientious improver of water, is the groovy cheap base of chemical industry with countless uses. Mixed with sand it hardens every bit mortar and plaster by taking up carbon dioxide from the air. Calcium from limestone is an important element in Portland cement. The solubility of the carbonate in water containing carbon dioxide causes the germination of caves with stalactites and stalagmites and is responsible for hardness in h2o. Other of import compounds are the carbide (CaC2), chloride (CaCl2), cyanamide (CaCN2), hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)two), nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), and sulfide (CaS). Natural calcium contains six isotopes. Thirteen other radioactive isotopes are known. Metal calcium (99.5%) costs almost $200/kg.one

• "plant primarily in the structural minerals comprising bones and teeth"two
• "It has been suggested that magnesium, an essential component in chlorophyll, is removed from pine needles by the combined effects of ozone and acids...Another harmful effect of acid rain may be that it leaches essential metal ions such as Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ from soil every bit soluble salts."3
• "used as a reducing agent in the metallurgy of uranium, thorium, and other metals. Information technology is also used as a scavenger to remove dissolved impurities such equally oxygen, sulfur, and carbon in molten metals and to remove the residuum gases in vacuum tubes. Information technology is a component of many alloys."4
• "Reducing agent for production of less common metals' alloying agent to increase force and corrosion resistance in lead, to improve mechanical and electrical properties in aluminum; refinign amanuensis to remove bismuth from pb. In metallurgy equally a scavenger to deoxidize, desulfurize and degas steel and bandage iron; to control non-metallic inclusions in steel; to promote uniform microstructure in gray iron. Every bit anode material in thermal batteries; as "getter" for oxygen and nitrogen."five

Melting Signal: 6* 842 °C = 1115.fifteen G = 1547.6 °F
Boiling Point: 6* 1484 °C = 1757.15 K = 2703.two °F
Sublimation Point: 6
Triple Point: 6
Critical Point: half-dozen
Density: 7 1.54 1000/cm3

* - at 1 atm

Electron Configuration

Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s2
Block: s
Highest Occupied Energy Level: iv
Valence Electrons: 2

Quantum Numbers:

n = 4
ℓ = 0
yardℓ = 0
ms = -½

Bonding

Electronegativity (Pauling calibration): 8 one.00
Electropositivity (Pauling scale): three
Electron Affinity: 9 0.02455 eV
Oxidation States: +2
Work Function: 10 2.71 eV = 4.34142E-19 J

Ionization Potential	eV11	kJ/mol
1	6.11316	589.8
2	11.87172	1145.4
3	50.9131	4912.4
iv	67.27	6490.six
5	84.5	8153.0
vi	108.78	10495.seven

Ionization Potential	eV11	kJ/mol
7	127.2	12272.nine
8	147.24	14206.v
9	188.54	18191.3
10	211.275	20384.9
11	591.9	57109.7
12	657.two	63410.one
13	726.six	70106.2

Ionization Potential	eVxi	kJ/mol
14	817.6	78886.4
15	894.five	86306.1
16	974	93976.vii
17	1087	104879.5
18	1157.viii	111710.7
19	5128.8	494853.9
20	5469.864	527761.5

Thermochemistry

Specific Heat: 0.647 J/g°C 12 = 25.930 J/mol°C = 0.155 cal/g°C = 6.198 cal/mol°C
Thermal Conductivity: 200 (Due west/g)/Chiliad, 27°C 13
Heat of Fusion: 8.54 kJ/mol fourteen = 213.ane J/g
Heat of Vaporization: 153.3 kJ/mol 15 = 3825.0 J/g

Country of Thing	Enthalpy of Germination (ΔHf°) xvi		Entropy (S°) sixteen		Gibbs Gratuitous Energy (ΔGf°) sixteen
	(kcal/mol)	(kJ/mol)	(cal/K)	(J/1000)	(kcal/mol)	(kJ/mol)
(south)	0	0	9.90	41.4216	0	0
(ℓ)	two.61	10.92024	12.11	50.66824	1.96	8.20064
(g)	42.85	179.2844	36.99	154.76616	34.78	145.51952

Isotopes

Nuclide	Mass17	Half-Life17	Nuclear Spin17	Bounden Free energy
34Ca	34.01412(32)#	<35 ns	0+	245.74 MeV
35Ca	35.00494(21)#	25.7(2) ms	1/2+#	263.12 MeV
36Ca	35.99309(4)	102(2) ms	0+	281.44 MeV
37Ca	36.985870(24)	181.ane(10) ms	(three/2+)	296.96 MeV
38Ca	37.976318(5)	440(8) ms	0+	313.42 MeV
39Ca	38.9707197(20)	859.6(14) ms	three/2+	327.08 MeV
40Ca	39.96259098(22)	STABLE	0+	342.sixty MeV
41Ca	40.96227806(26)	1.02(7)E+5 a	vii/2-	350.67 MeV
42Ca	41.95861801(27)	STABLE	0+	362.47 MeV
43Ca	42.9587666(3)	STABLE	vii/2-	370.54 MeV
44Ca	43.9554818(4)	STABLE	0+	381.41 MeV
45Ca	44.9561866(four)	162.67(25) d	7/2-	388.55 MeV
46Ca	45.9536926(24)	STABLE	0+	399.41 MeV
47Ca	46.9545460(24)	4.536(3) d	7/2-	406.55 MeV
48Ca	47.952534(4)	43(38)E+18 a	0+	416.49 MeV
49Ca	48.955674(iv)	8.718(6) min	3/two-	421.76 MeV
lCa	49.957519(ten)	xiii.9(6) s	0+	427.97 MeV
51Ca	50.9615(1)	ten.0(8) southward	(3/ii-)#	432.32 MeV
52Ca	51.96510(75)	4.6(iii) southward	0+	436.66 MeV
53Ca	52.97005(54)#	xc(15) ms	3/2-#	440.08 MeV
54Ca	53.97435(75)#	50# ms [>300 ns]	0+	444.42 MeV
55Ca	54.98055(75)#	xxx# ms [>300 ns]	5/2-#	446.90 MeV
56Ca	55.98557(97)#	10# ms [>300 ns]	0+	450.32 MeV
57Ca	56.99236(107)#	5# ms	5/2-#	451.87 MeV
Values marked # are non purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak consignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.17

Reactions

Abundance

Earth - Source Compounds: carbonates/sulfates 19
Earth - Seawater: 412 mg/L twenty
Earth - Crust: 41500 mg/kg = 4.15% xx
Earth - Drape: 2.i% 21
Earth - Lithosphere: 4.66% 22
Earth - Hydrosphere: 0.05% 22
Earth - Total: 1.54% 23
Mercury - Total: 1.xviii% 23
Venus - Full: 1.61% 23
Universe - Total: 0.007% 21
Chondrites - Total: 4.9×10^iv (relative to 10vi atoms of Si) 24
Human Body - Total: 1.4% 25

Compounds

Safety Data

Fabric Safety Information Sail - ACI Alloys, Inc.

For More Data

External Links:

Sources

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(4) - Whitten, Kenneth W., Davis, Raymond E., and Peck, M. Larry. Full general Chemistry 6th ed.; Saunders Higher Publishing: Orlando, FL, 2000; p 930.
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(half-dozen) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemical science and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:132.
(7) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Printing: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:39-4:96.
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(9) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:147-ten:148.
(10) - Speight, James. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 16th ed.; McGraw-Colina Professional: Boston, MA, 2004; p 1:132.
(11) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10:178 - 10:180.
(12) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Printing: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4:133.
(13) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:193, 12:219-220.
(14) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Printing: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; pp 6:123-6:137.
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